Emigration, Immigration, and Diaspora Relations in India
Daniel Naujoks
October 2009
The world's second most populous country also has a vast diapora spread across nearly every continent. Daniel Naujoks provides a broad overview of Indian migration flows and major populations worldwide, and discusses India's diaspora policies, refugees and asylum seekers from the region, and illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.

Ireland: From Rapid Immigration to Recession
Martin Ruhs, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) Oxford University
Updated by Emma Quinn, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin
September 2009
Ireland's economy and openness to labor migration from new EU Member States fueled immigration flows, including return migration, over the past few years. But the global recession has hit the country hard, and unemployment among both foreigners and Irish nationals is rising. Emma Quinn of the Economic and Social Research Institute in Dublin updates the Ireland country profile with a look at recent trends, policies, and data.

United Kingdom: A Reluctant Country of Immigration
Will Somerville, Migration Policy Institute
Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah, Royal Commonwealth Society
Maria Latorre, Institute for Public Policy Research
July 2009
Recent immigration to the United Kingdom is larger and more diverse than at any point in its history. This updated profile examines how the global recession is affecting migration flows, the latest immigration and asylum data, and overviews of new immigration and integration policies.

South Africa: Policy in the Face of Xenophobia
Jonathan Crush
Southern African Migration Project (SAMP)
July 2008
South Africa is struggling to define a post-apartheid migration policy that is responsive to its changing role in Africa, the relationship between migration and development, and the country's rampant xenophobia, seen most graphically in May 2008. Jonathan Crush of the Southern African Migration Project reports on the latest developments.

North Korea: Understanding Migration to and from a Closed Country
Hiroyuki Tanaka
Migration Policy Institute
January 2008
Economic, social, and political conditions have pushed North Koreans to illegally leave their country and migrate to South Korea, China, Russia, and elsewhere. MPI's Hiroyuki Tanaka examines humanitarian and economic migration flows from North Korea, and the situation of North Koreans living abroad.

El Salvador: Despite End to Civil War, Emigration Continues
Sarah Gammage
July 2007
Thousands of Salvadorans fled the country during its civil war in the 1980s, many of them to the United States. The government is focused on engaging its diaspora but also must deal with immigrants from neighboring countries and issues around human trafficking.

Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora
Aaron Matteo Terrazas
June 2007
While Ethiopians have long followed seasonal migration patterns within the Horn of Africa, it was only after the political upheavals of the 1970s that they began to settle in the West, as MPI's Aaron Matteo Terrazas reports.

Macedonia: At a Quiet Crossroads
Joanne van Selm
June 2007

Indonesia's Labor Looks Abroad
Graeme Hugo
University of Adelaide
April 2007
A classic labor-surplus nation, Indonesia sends thousands of low-skilled workers every year to countries in the Middle East and elsewhere in Asia, particularly neighboring Malaysia. Graeme Hugo of the University of Adelaide provides an updated look at this and other migration trends in the world's fourth most populous country.

Ecuador: Diversidad en Migración
Brad Jokisch
Ohio University
March 2007
Jokisch, Ohio University, Ecuador, Ecuadorian, Colombia, Peru, España, migración, refugiados, remesas, desarrollo, emigración

Immigration in Luxembourg: New Challenges for an Old Country
Serge Kollwelter
March 2007
Luxembourg's stable, prosperous economy would not be possible without foreign workers, most of whom come from other EU countries. But this small country has also struggled to cope with asylum seekers from the former Yugoslavia and to integrate children of immigrants, as Serge Kollwelter explains.

Ecuador: Diversity in Migration
Brad Jokisch
Ohio University
February 2007
Thousands of Ecuadorians live in the United States and Spain, making migration-related development policy a major issue for the government. At the same time, the country has received economic migrants from Peru but has done little to address the Colombian refugee situation, as Brad Jokisch of Ohio University explains.

Singapore: Hungry for Foreign Workers at All Skill Levels
Brenda S.A. Yeoh
National University of Singapore
January 2007
Historically a diverse country, Singapore since the 1980s has become a top destination for Asian and Western professionals as well as low-skilled migrants from across the region. Brenda S.A. Yeoh of the National University of Singapore reports.

Denmark: Integrating Immigrants into a Homogeneous Welfare State
Ulf Hedetoft
Aalborg University and the Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark
November 2006
As Ulf Hedetoft of Aalborg University and the Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark explains, the question of how to handle cultural and religious differences has come to dominate the Danish political agenda.

Japanese Immigration Policy: Responding to Conflicting Pressures
Chikako Kashiwazaki, Keio University
Tsuneo Akaha, Monterey Institute of International Studies
November 2006
Social and economic factors are pushing Japan toward a more open immigration policy, while other concerns are prompting the country to adopt stricter immigration controls. Chikako Kashiwazaki of Keio University and Tsuneo Akaha of the Monterey Institute of International Studies provide an overview of Japan’s migration issues.

Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home
Shirin Hakimzadeh
September 2006
Iran has long connected the great civilizations of Asia, the Near East and the Mediterranean. But since the Islamic Revolution, hundreds of thousands of highly skilled Iranians have emigrated while millions of refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq have entered the country. Shirin Hakimzadeh takes a detailed look at Iran's past and present migration issues.

Tajikistan: From Refugee Sender to Labor Exporter
Aaron Erlich
Migration Policy Institute
July 2006
One of the poorest countries in Central Asia and a former Soviet Republic, Tajikistan has dealt with Afghan refugees, experienced outward flows of ethnic Russians since its independence, and seen thousands of ethnic Tajiks leave for temporary employment in Russia. MPI’s Aaron Erlich investigates the migration issues facing this understudied country.

Sweden: Restrictive Immigration Policy and Multiculturalism
Charles Westin
Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations
Stockholm University
June 2006
Although Sweden was once open to labor migrants from across Europe and refugees from all over the world, its policies have become increasingly restrictive over the last 35 years. Today, the country is wrestling with integration issues, as Charles Westin of the Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, Stockholm University, explains.

Burkina Faso: Testing the Tradition of Circular Migration
Brad Kress
The Centre for Research into Economic and Social Trends
May 2006
One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso is a former French colony in Western Africa that has traditionally sent thousands of seasonal migrants to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Brad Kress of the UK’s Centre for Research into Economic and Social Trends examines the migration issues facing the country today.

Guatemala: Economic Migrants Replace Political Refugees
James Smith
Inforpress Centroamericana
April 2006
Guatemala's long civil war, which spurred large flows of refugees, has given way to high levels of economic migration to the United States and an economy more dependent on remittances. Also, Guatemala’s geography has made it a prime transit country for migrants headed north, as James Smith of Inforpress Centroamericana reports.

Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad
Micah Bump
Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University
March 2006
Perhaps best known for its brain drain and the related success of its diaspora, Ghana also has an important role in West African migration patterns, past and present. Micah Bump of Georgetown's Institute for the Study of International Migration takes a detailed look at a country in transition.

Argentina: A New Era of Migration and Migration Policy
Maia Jachimowicz
Princeton University
February 2006
Despite skilled emigration outflows, Argentina consistently attracts new economic migrants from its neighbors in the southern cone of Latin America. Maia Jachimowicz of Princeton University reports.

Latvia Looks West, But Legacy of Soviets Remains
Timothy Heleniak
University of Maryland
February 2006
Although this former Soviet republic joined the European Union in 2004, its main concern is its large ethnic Russian population. Tim Heleniak of the University of Maryland explains.

The Philippines' Culture of Migration
Maruja M.B. Asis
Scalabrini Migration Center-Philippines
January 2006
An estimated 8.1 million Filipinos — nearly 10 percent of the country's population — are living in close to 200 countries and territories. Maruja M.B. Asis of the Scalabrini Migration Center-Philippines explains how the country developed its emigration policies and measures to protect its citizens abroad.

Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy
Olena Malynovska
National Institute for International Security Problems, Kyiv
January 2006
Since its independence in 1991, Ukraine has expanded immigration and emigration rights – but it has also become a neighbor of the expanded European Union, a crossroads for illegal migration, and fertile ground for human traffickers. Olena Malynovksa of the National Institute for International Security Problems in Kyiv reports.

Colombia: In the Crossfire
Myriam Bérubé
November 2005
Colombia's ongoing armed conflict has caused millions to leave the country, both as economic migrants and as refugees; millions more have been internally displaced. While the government struggles with these issues, it is also courting Colombians abroad. Myriam Bérubé reports.

Canada: Policy Changes and Integration Challenges in an Increasingly Diverse Society
Brian Ray
University of Ottawa
November 2005
A steady stream of research since the 2001 census has highlighted the ways in which Canada is changing socially and demographically. In this updated profile, Brian Ray of the University of Ottawa examines debates over highly skilled migrants, the latest refugee numbers, and integration trends.

Morocco: From Emigration Country to Africa's Migration Passage to Europe
Hein de Haas
Radboud University Nijmegen
October 2005
A source for Europe's labor needs since the 1960s, Moroccan migrants and their remittances are central to the economy back home. But as Hein de Haas of Radboud University Nijmegen explains, Morocco is also becoming a transit and immigration country for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa.

The Netherlands: Death of a Filmmaker Shakes a Nation
Joanne van Selm
Migration Policy Institute
October 2005
Since the murder of Theo van Gogh in 2004, the debate on immigrant integration has become more intense. MPI Senior Policy Analyst Joanne van Selm provides the latest developments in this updated Country Profile.

Maroc: De pays d'émigration vers passage migratoire africain vers l'Europe
Hein De Haas
Université d'Oxford
October 2005
Lors de la deuxième moitié du 20me siècle, le Maroc s'est transformé en l'un des principaux pays d'émigration du monde. Les marocains constituent une communauté de migrants parmi les plus larges et plus dispersées en Europe de l'ouest.

The Czech Republic: From Liberal Policy to EU Membership
Dušan Drbohlav
Charles University
August 2005
After its independence in 1993, the Czech Republic became home to tens of thousands of economic migrants. But as Dušan Drbohlav of Charles University reports, tighter restrictions and new laws in accordance with EU standards have not resolved the problems of illegal and transit migration.

Israel: Balancing Demographics in the Jewish State
Martha Kruger
July 2005
Israel is home to Jews and Jewish immigrants as well as Israeli Arabs, Palestinian refugees, and others. But the arrival of foreign workers in the 1990s has further complicated the country's migration issues, as Martha Kruger reports.

Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration
Ernesto Friedrich Amaral, University of Texas at Austin
Wilson Fusco, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
June 2005
South America's largest country has experienced waves of immigration and, more recently, emigration. But Brazil has not proactively addressed new migration patterns, including increases in illegal immigrants. Ernesto Friedrich Amaral of the University of Texas at Austin and Wilson Fusco of Universidade Estadual de Campinas report.

Georgia Looks West, But Faces Migration Challenges at Home
Joanne van Selm
Migration Policy Institute
June 2005
Although Georgia eventually wants to join the European Union, it must first confront its large population of internally displaced persons and high rates of emigration. MPI's Joanne van Selm takes a detailed look at a country in transition.

Norway: Migrant Quality, Not Quantity
Betsy Cooper
Migration Policy Institute
May 2005
Since the 1970s, Norway has become home to thousands of non-European immigrants and refugees. MPI's Betsy Cooper takes a detailed look at how the country seeks to control migration while keeping the door open to labor from an expanding Europe.

EU Membership Highlights Poland's Migration Challenges
Krystyna Iglicka,
Center for International Relations, Warsaw
April 2005
Krystyna Iglicka of the Center for International Relations in Warsaw explores how Poland, one of the European Union’s newest members, is trying to address its role as a transit and receiving country.

A New Century: Immigration and the US
MPI Staff
Updated by Kevin Jernegan
February 2005
Immigration, perhaps more than any other social, political, or economic process, has shaped the United States over the past century. As the 21st century unfolds, security concerns and immigration reform will continue to shape who enters the community and how.

Switzerland Faces Common European Challenges
Denise Efionayi, Josef Martin Niederberger, and Philippe Wanner
Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, Neuchatel
February 2005
Denise Efionayi, Josef Martin Niederberger and Philippe Wanner of the Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies explain how Switzerland, with one of the highest percentages of foreigners in Europe, is responding to a variety of migration challenges.

Nepal's Dependence on Exporting Labor
David Seddon
University of East Anglia
January 2005
David Seddon of the University of East Anglia explains why so many Nepalis have migrated and why the government was slow to realize migration's benefits.

South Korea: Balancing Labor Demand with Strict Controls
Young-bum Park
Hansung University, Seoul
December 2004
Young-bum Park of Hansung University outlines South Korea's response to temporary labor demands and its approach to integrating North Korean refugees.

The Challenge of French Diversity
Kimberly Hamilton
Migration Policy Institute
Patrick Simon
Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED)
with Clara Veniard
Migration Policy Institute
November 2004
Our updated country profile on France by MPI’s Kim Hamilton and INED’s Patrick Simon now includes information on the headscarf debate and new asylum data.

Finland's Prosperity Brings New Migrants
Arno Tanner
Finnish Directorate of Immigration
November 2004
Arno Tanner of the Finnish Directorate of Immigration explains how Finland became a destination for economic migrants and asylum seekers.

Botswana's Changing Migration Patterns
Kate Lefko-Everett
Southern African Migration Project
September 2004
Botswana has rapidly evolved from a migrant sending country to a migrant receiving country, according to Kate Lefko-Everett of the Southern Africa Migration Project.

Mali: Seeking Opportunity Abroad
Sally E. Findley
Columbia University
September 2004
Sally E. Findley of Columbia University examines Malians' age-old solution to their economic difficulties: migration.

Lesotho: Will the Enclave Empty?
Jim Cobbe
Florida State University
September 2004
Jim Cobbe of Florida State University explains how Lesotho's intimate economic and ethnic ties to South Africa are expressed in large-scale migration.

Albania: Looking Beyond Borders
Barjaba Kosta
August 2004
Albania is traveling a bumpy road from totalitarianism to democracy, with sharp twists and turns in migration flows along the way, according to Barjaba Kosta.

Australia's Continuing Transformation
Christine Inglis
August 2004
Christine Inglis provides an update on the competing economic, political, and cultural forces that are challenging Australia's migration policy makers.

Germany: Immigration in Transition
Veysel Oezcan
Social Science Centre Berlin
July 2004

Jordan: A Refugee Haven
Géraldine Chatelard
Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies
European University Institute
July 2004

Greece: A History of Migration
Charalambos Kasimis and Chryssa Kassimi
June 2004
Greece, once known for outward migration, has become a receiver of migrants and a permanent immigrant destination according to Charalambos Kasimis and Chryssa Kassimi.

East Timor: Old Migration Challenges in the World's Newest Country
Kimberly Hamilton
Migration Policy Institute
May 2004
In May, following a UN withdrawal, East Timor's government will have more responsibility for dealing with thorny migration issues.

China: From Exceptional Case to Global Participant
Ronald Skeldon
University of Sussex
April 2004
Ronald Skeldon of the University of Sussex maps out the migration patterns and policies of China, the source of tens of millions of migrants around the globe.

Tonga: Migration and the Homeland
Cathy A. Small and David L. Dixon
February 2004
Cathy Small of Northern Arizona University outlines how past changes in the Kingdom of Tonga, as well as the current challenges, are intimately tied to migration.

Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy
Cristián Doña and Amanda Levinson
February 2004
Chile's economic growth, political stability, and increased immigration are spurring the development of a new migration policy, according to Cristián Doña and Amanda Levinson.

Cook Islands: Migrating from a Micro-State
Paul Spoonley
Massey University
January 2004
Paul Spoonley describes a massive economic and cultural shift caused by emigration from the Cook Islands to New Zealand.

Moldova Seeks Stability Amid Mass Emigration
Michael Jandl
December 2003
Moldova is a small country facing huge emigration spurred mainly by economic hardships, according to Michael Jandl.

Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration
Kemal Kirisci
Center for European Studies, Bogaziçi University
November 2003
Long a country of emigration, immigration, and asylum, Turkey has also become a country of transit for immigrants, according to Kemal Kirisci of Boagazici University.

Hungary: Transit Country Between East and West
Judit Juhász
November 2003
Judit Juhasz of examines the forces that have made Hungary into a sending, transit, and destination country for migration.

Belgium's Immigration Policy Brings Renewal and Challenges
Marco Martiniello and Andrea Rea
October 2003
Marco Martiniello and Andrea Rea examine how immigration has made Belgium a multicultural society in perpetual renewal.

Kenya: What Role for Diaspora in Development?
Kenneth Okoth
Migration Policy Institute
August 2003
Kenya is looking to its educated diaspora to meet development goals and achieve global competitiveness, according to MPI’s Ken Okoth.

The Federated States of Micronesia: The "Push" to Migrate
Elizabeth M. Grieco
Migration Policy Institute
July 2003
Waves of emigrants from the Federated States of Micronesia are building new lives abroad, according to MPI Data Manager Elizabeth Grieco.

Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration
Brij V. Lal
The Australian National University
April 2003
Brij V. Lal of the Australian National University explains the link between Fiji's recent political turbulence and the increasing numbers of Fijian emigrants.

Austria: A Country of Immigration?
Michael Jandl and Albert Kraler
International Centre for Migration Policy Development
March 2003
Recent policies — some more restrictive, some more liberal — reflect Austria's continuing ambivalence about immigration.

Spain: Forging an Immigration Policy
Nieves Ortega Pérez
Universidad de Granada
February 2003
In the mid-1990s, immigration became a matter of vital importance to Spain's political elites and in the eyes of the public.

España: Hacia una nueva política migratoria
Nieves Ortega Pérez
Universidad de Granada
February 2003
En la última mitad de la década de los 90, la inmigración llegó a ser un tema de vital importancia para los políticos y el público español.

New Zealand: The Politicization of Immigration
Richard Bedford
Convenor of the Migration Research Group
University of Waikato
January 2003
Immigration has been a significant factor in New Zealand's history since the mid-19th century, and recently net migration gains have reached the highest levels ever recorded. Richard Bedford of the University of Waikato looks at the challenges ahead.

Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration
Jorge Malheiros
Centro de Estudos Geográficos - Universidade de Lisboa
Metropolis Portugal Team
December 2002
Portugal, long a land of seafarers and emigrants, is now witnessing increasingly diverse immigration flows, country-wide settlement, and rising immigrant skill levels. Jorge Malhieros of the University of Lisbon takes an in-depth look at the changes.

Cape Verde: Towards the End of Emigration?
Jørgen Carling
International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO)
November 2002
Very few countries have experienced emigration on a scale approaching that of Cape Verde. Jorgen Carling of the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) examines migration's effects on the country's past and present, as well as its implications for the future.

Migration Dilemmas Haunt Post-Soviet Russia
Timothy Heleniak
October 2002
As Russia enters the 21st century, it is confronting a set of migration issues unimaginable just a decade ago. Timothy Heleniak of the World Bank and Georgetown University's Center for Eurasian, Russian, and East European Studies maps out the complex past and difficult present of the world's largest country.

México: Un Difícil Cruce De Caminos
Francisco Alba
El Colegio de México
July 2002
Además de funcionar como país de emigración, principalmente hacía los EEUU, México también se ha convertido en un país de tránsito y ésta viendo un aumento en su propia población de inmigrantes.

México: Un Difícil Cruce De Caminos
Francisco Alba
El Colegio de México
July 2002
Además de funcionar como país de emigración, principalmente hacía los EEUU, México también se ha convertido en un país de tránsito y ésta viendo un aumento en su propia población de inmigrantes.

Mexico: A Crucial Crossroads
Francisco Alba
El Colegio de México
July 2002
Francisco Alba of El Colegio de México updates our country profile, addressing the "tense immobility" that has characterized US-Mexico migration discussions.

Canada: Policy Legacies, New Directions, and Future Challenges
Brian Ray
Migration Policy Institute
May 2002
Canada is one of only a handful of nations where social and cultural change fueled by immigration is perhaps the only enduring societal constant. Two recent developments are sure to keep immigration at the center of public debate and policy discussions: Canada's new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, and the latest census data.

Italy's Southern Exposure
Kimberly Hamilton
Migration Policy Institute
May 2002
Italy has struggled to find the right tone and approach toward immigration. In this newly updated profile, Managing Editor Kim Hamilton tackles the dilemmas facing Italian policymakers today.